A Brief History of Furniture from 1600 to 1850

1500-1600

Some important changes in furniture construction took place in the sixteenth century. Panel and frame construction allowed for lighter furniture which was easier to move. This caused a separation from the methods of the turners and carpenters and a joiners guild formed that helped set the standards of quality furniture making. Oak was still used but was beginning to be replaced near the end of this century by walnut as it had a finer grain making it easier for carving. Carving was largely the favored method of decorating furniture. The chest of drawers and upholstered furniture were also introduced late in the 16th century.

1600-1700

Much of the furniture of the seventeenth century seems to be more familiar to us today than of the sixteenth century. Furniture built in this century began to escape the influence of fashion and richness for the principle of practicality and function. It was difficult for some, especially the wealthy and members of nobility, to stray very far from the most exquisite and exotic furniture. The growth of trade allowed for importing of exotic furniture and materials from India and adjacent countries. Lacquering and japanning were very popular methods of finishing furniture. Oak was still used but walnut was being used even more as well as other imported exotic woods. The cabinet on a stand and framed wall mirror and table ensemble were very popular for displaying collectibles.

1700-1800

Many furniture types evolved during the 18th century and many of these styles are considered current even today. Furniture styles of this century reflected ideas of comfort and luxury. More people were able to own furniture because of the growth of the middle class. Furniture in the first half of the 18th century evolved in reaction against the formal, elaborate period of Baroque furniture of the 17th century. Rococo furniture was characterized by asymmetrical scrollwork, decorative motifs with informality and comfort in mind and originated in France. In the later half of the 18th century, Rococo furniture caused a reaction and return to Neoclassical furniture. Neoclassical furniture was characterized by the use of classic designs from ancient Greece and Roman art and architecture. Some of the more recognizable styles of furniture from this era include: Traditional, Queen Anne, Chippendale, Hepplewhite, Adams Brothers and Sheraton. Walnut was the predominant material used in this era. Mahogany and other imported woods like ebony and satinwood were also used.

1800-1850

Changes in furniture in the first half of the 19th century were greater than the previous 200 years. Not only were the changes of style, but technological as well. Technological changes however; occurred more slowly. French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte had a tremendous influence on furniture style during his reign in the early part of the 19th century. Primary materials used were mahogany solids and veneers. After the fall of Napoleon's Empire, several styles of furniture evolved in reaction against the Neo classical design. Even though new styles of furniture were desired, many retained familiar details of furniture from Gothic, Rococo and Renaissance furniture. One note worthy designer of this time period was Duncan Phyfe. Phyfe was the only American cabinetmaker for which a period or style of furniture was named. His designs are still popular today. Near the middle of the 19th century many innovations took place in furniture construction. Coil springs in upholstered furniture, metal furniture, laminated and bentwood furniture and even paper mache were utilized in furniture construction. These innovations along with poorly manufactured furniture, led to yet another movement in furniture in the later part of the 19th century and into the 20th century.